Low Vision Solutions for Computer Tasks Description of graphical content is included between Description Start and Description End. Transcript Start [Music] Fade up from black. Animation: Text for TSBVI transform into braille cells for TSBVI. [Music face out] Fade to black. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: Low Vision Solutions for Computer Tasks Becoming a Wrapper! Content: September 6th, 2017 2:30pm-4pm Facilitated by Cindy Bachofer, TSBVI VI Low Vision Consultant bachoferc@tsbvi.edu Jim Allan, TSBVI Accessibility Coordinator allanj@tsbvi.edu Description End: >> Allan: Hi. Welcome to the webinar on Low‑vision Solutions for Computer Tasks, Becoming a Wrapper. We have here on my left. >> Bachofer: I'm the low vision consultant at the Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired and also have low vision, so as Jim has shared hints with me, this webinar came up as a-- as a topic to present. >> Allan: And I'm Jim Allan, the accessibility coordinator at Texas School for the Blind. I have been in the field for ooh, too long. And been an assistive technology person and the webmaster and I do many things and low vision has always been a passion. So today we'll be talking about several topics. If I can get my computer to work. Yeah. We're going to be talking about core principles, easy hardware solutions, some operating system solutions, which would be like your Windows or the Mac OS software solutions, and your browser, lots of settings in many different browsers, Microsoft Word and PDF are probably the three main applications that students will come across. So going to core principles ... the first one is that-- that the student is in charge of their E‑environment. The E‑environment is anything that has a plug or a battery, their electronic environment. I've seen in the past, this is back in the day, where I was showing a student how to adjust the brightness of their monitor and-- and a teacher, not necessarily a vision teacher, came over and said, "There, it's perfect!" Well, it worked well for the teacher. Didn't do so much for the student. So the student needs to be aware that this is my environment and in order for me to see what it is that I'm doing, I have to have control over it. Cindy? >> Bachofer: The population focus on this is those opportunities who are using less than 4 x magnification and we're going to talk a little bit more about that on another slide of why that below 4 x is important for the student. >> And with 4 x magnification, we'll talk about it, but that's-- your screen becomes 1/16th of the actual virtual monitor. That's a lot of space to get lost in. The next thing we'll be talking about, we're just going to mention this, then we're going to leave it alone, although we may beat on it some more. >> What's for dinner? >> Jim Allen: Is that the keyboard is your friend. Every time you take your hands off the keyboard, move to the mouse, try I to figure out where you are, move back to where you're supposed to be, put your hands back on, you've lost a lot of time. If the student can learn how to use the keyboard and everything has keyboard commands, they will be much, much more efficient. >> Bachofer: I will add in, all parts of the keyboard, like the F1 keys, the modifier keys, control and alt, there's a lot of efficiency you can gain by-- by maximizing all parts of the keyboard. Getting the students familiar with what those keys do. >> Allan: Okay. The last, most important core principle that we're going to do or talk about today is that horizontal scrolling is evil. We want you to become a wrapper. That was the backbeat, I'm not a rapper, I wish that I was. We should do a low‑vision rap, maybe I'll work on that. Okay. So ... >> Bachofer: The next slide is looking at the student behavior we so often see with students who have low vision, where you are craning in to read the screen, your shoulders and neck get all tense, you are adding to-- by getting closer to the screen, eye fatigue. Because students with low vision typically are taking longer to read the information on the screen, more concentration time is needed, so you are going that cognitive fatigue factor. And all of it adds up to where they are losing efficiency with the computer. So picture those students who you always see doing that. That stressing their muscles to get in closer to the screen because these are the solutions that will help ease that behavior where they can do prolonged computer assignments and have more stamina. >> Allan: And hopefully be a little more efficient and not quite as slow as their peers. >> Bachofer: So that they are managing those same tasks and actually with some of these-- keyboard commands, we said that we would hit on it again, even quicker than people who rely on a mouse. Allan: Okay. I am reminded of a story once that someone came in-- about the-- at the school and was looking at one of the screens, and said, "Man, you have a lot of kids with dirty hands." And it's like, "No, those are nose smudges!" [ Laughter ] And then they sort of went "Ohhhh," and it became clear that our students had issues with... seeing. So... back to the horizontal scrolling is evil and the evil devil... horizontal scrolling is slow, as shown by research... Bachofer: And we need the next slide. Allan: The next slide, yeah, thanks. There. So... it's slower, at least 3.2 times slower for the average reader. It should be avoided at all costs, and there are tracking and backtracking issues. Not only do you have to go across the screen, but you have to move backwards to find out where the beginning of the next line is, and then drop down, and you have to, you know, triangle across the line. And trying to do that with a mouse is not really good. And... one of the really interesting things about why horizontal scrolling is evil, is look at your cell phone. How much horizontal scrolling do you do on your cell phone? Hmmm? And when you come across a website that is-- doesn't have a mobile view, and you have to do horizontal scrolling, how long do you stay on that? Think about if that was the only way that you could view your content on your computer, every single day, and you couldn't get away from it. This is why we're having this webinar. Have I beat that one to death enough? Bachofer: [lauging] That was well done, very well done. Allan: So, let's go to the next slide. Okay. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: 3x Magnification = 9 Screens Content: Figure 1: Text box containing a long piece of text with lines drawn on top dividing the block of text into three columns and with three rows. Description End: So here's... an example of 3x magnification. Okay. So, my seen then becomes 1/9th of the screen. That means that I have to scroll... across the text-- whoops, I just moved that box. Yeah, I have to move across the first line, three times, and then I'm going to move back across the first line three times. I'm going to drop down one line, and then go back-- across three screens worth, and then back three screens worth, down one line, across three screens. Back three screens. [ Laughter ] You get the idea. Okay. And you're trying to remember what it was you were reading. Bachofer: It's a lot of concentration. [ Slide end: ] Allan: Yeah. The cognitive load on trying to do that is tremendous. Now, what if we could take that screen, and we just squish it, so that there is no... horizontal scrolling. It just moves up and down. That gets us to the next one. So, the student just has to read down the screen, there's no side to side. They are just going down the screen... picking up, and their concentration is better, they're not having to move and get lost. They only have to track on the line that's on the screen. Not having to do that transition from screen to screen, which is-- can be-- a bit difficult. So I'm... going to pop up ZoomText on my screen here. [Computer Screen start:] And hopefully there it is. Come on, ZoomText. And I'm going to go up to 3x magnification, but now I'm trying to read a little article on... Oh, look, line wrap and word wrap. So, here we go. Line breaking, also known as word wrapping, is the process of breaking a section of the text into lines such that it will fit in the available width of a-- Oh, wait, let me get back to where I was. Okay, so you get the idea. It's painful. Most people don't realize how difficult that is, or... back in the day, when I was a teacher. It's like, "Oh, I've got a low‑vision kid. Fine! Got'em ZoomText. We're done. Well, back then that was all there was. And there wasn't anything else. Now, we have many, many more tools, and if we use our tools better, we can afford the students the ability to be much, much more efficient. [Computer Screen end: ] Okay. Boy, I beat that one. [ Laughter ] All right. So we talked about the six scrolls, we did that. All right, now we're going to talk about the hardware solutions, which would be the next slide. So, the first thing that we can do is get a bigger monitor. Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. Get a laptop with a 17‑inch screen, instead of a 14‑inch screen. Because everything on the screen is immediately bigger. Although, parenthetically, that's up to a point. I have seen people with low‑vision who have used 36, 42‑inch screens, okay. You can't see that far. Things may be really, really big, but you are defeating the purpose. Unless you have a rolling chair, now you are moving your head and your body back and forth to try and read what's on the screen. Because, if your vision is such, that you only-- you know, you need a 42‑inch monitor to get the font size you need, in order to be able to read it, you can't see the 42 inches to get to the other edge of the screen. So, you are having to move your head and your body, which is just as hard as-- maybe more difficult and fatiguing as... scrolling with your mouse and using a screen magnifier. So to a point-- get a bigger monitor. You also have to be able to carry it around, at least these days for the students. So, the next thing would be change the brightness of the monitor. Some people need a brighter screen. Some students need a dimmer screen. Those are totally adjustable on a laptop and on your desktop. And having control over that is a really useful thing. And teaching the student how to do that, because those are usually open to the public. You know, if you go into a library or something, you can adjust the brightness of a screen. Bachofer: So, depending on your setting, you may want to change that, wherever you are taking your laptop. Allan: Right. And provided that you have the knowledge. And that's something that the student needs to know how to do. We have a... video on that. Can we queue that and I'll do the-- Well, that will talk about the mat screen, also. There we go. [ Video start: ] So... on the left, we have a-- these are two Dell laptops, both with windows, one's a 15-inch screen and one's a 17-inch screen. And one has a... matte finish, which has some pros and cons to it. It has... less glare, less contrast, less color vibrancy and a little less sharpness. Things just look a little muddy. On the other screen on the right, is a touch screen, and it is a smooth, shiny glass and it... has a few issues with glare because it is shiny. Like your cell phone screen, for example. But it has more contrast, the colors are brighter and everything is really, really sharp. So there are some tradeoffs, but it's something that the... student and the teacher needs to be aware of when you go buy a laptop, to not just pick something right off the shelf. We had that issue with another teacher with low‑vision that the standard laptop, which most of them come with a matte screen, or an anti‑glare screen and it just-... was too dim, no matter how bright we made the screen, no matter how much we increased the contrast, it still wasn't enough. [Video end:] She says "I want it to be like my cell phone screen or like the Mac retina screen." And so we looked for a Windows laptop, because she wanted Windows, and we found one, and it turned out that happened to be a touch screen. She never uses a touch screen, but she needed that amount of brightness and the-- and the color contrast that was afforded by that type of screen. So... simple things that you can do, and that may be just enough that let's the student read a little more efficiently without needing extra magnification or doing something else. Okay. Now, we'll get into the interesting things. There's the... hardware solutions. Oh, okay, I talked about that already. That would be-- there we go. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: Operating System Solutions Content: • Change System Resolution • Change Focus Ring & Cursor Width (Ease of Access – Make computer easier to see) • Change Cursor, Mouse Pointer (Personalize) • Changes Windows theme (Personalize) o colors, text size, scroll bars, menus Description End: [Computer screen start:] So, let's change the... system resolution. Okay? So, we're on the desktop, and I'm going to right click, and right here is a menu option, at least on a Dell, your mileage may vary, it says screen resolution. So, I'm going to click on that. And a little menu is going to come up. And my current... resolution on my screen is 1366 by 768. So, I can change the resolution of the screen, which means how many pixels I'm going to have across the screen. And I'm going to go down here to 1280 by 720. And notice that on my screen, everything got larger. The buttons got larger, all of the icons got larger-- I'm going to keep those changes, so they don't go away so I can finish babbling. So, the buttons got larger, the... bottom toolbar got larger. And this works for all applications. So, if I pull up Word, all the menu bars are going to be larger, you know, everything is just going to be a bit bigger. My monitor screen is still the same-- so, that may help a student not have to go to even ZoomText at 1.2 or 1.4. And I have a little chart that shows, later, what else you can... size magnification. So, we can also go down to 1024 by 768. We try and keep the same... aspect ratio, where you divide the first number by the second number, and you get a 1 point something. And I think mine happens to be... HDMI is I think 1.7, which is the... width to the height. And if I want, I can-- let me revert back to where it was. I can go down to 800 by 600-- remember those days? I do. [ Laughter ] And we can apply. And here. So, now we are essentially at 4x magnification, and I haven't done anything. I'm not using any extra software. If I open up Word, Word still works. I think I have Word running here. Here's Word. There. My toolbars are still there. They all still function just like they are supposed to. But everything is a skosh bigger. The text is bigger. So, let me leave this, right here, where it is. And now, I'm going to-- Oh, wait, I've got to-- darn it-- I have to close this and put my resolution back up to where it was. Okay. Ut-oh. I did-- Oh wait, there it is. Apply! Okay, keep those changes. Let me switch back to Word. And now you can see how everything in Word is really spread out, and the... the... toolbars, or the ribbons, are small. You know, so changing the resolution is an easy thing to do. You can do this on a desktop, you can do it on a laptop. If a student has variable vision from time-of-day to time-of-day, they can easily change that resolution as they go throughout the day, to make their screen be the way they need to. [ Slide start: ] repeat previous slide The next thing that we're going to talk about, is changing the focus ring and the cursor width. Okay, those are also available in the Windows settings. [ Slide end: ] So, we can go to the start menu. And if you just type in "ease of use" down here in the bar, e‑a-- Ease of Access Center. There's a whole bunch of things down in the Ease of Access Center that let you change the way the computer works. [ Computer screen start:] So, there's an option there that says make the computer easier to see under "Explore all settings." It's "Optimize the visual display." So, if you click on that, you can-- there's a built‑in magnifier to Windows-- that's kind of nice. And you can make the focus rectangle thicker. You can change-- set the thickness of the blinking cursor. I have mine set to 3. So, I'm going to knock this down. This is-- Normal is 1. Okay. That's a pretty skinny cursor... to find. You know, I myself, because I have old eyes, I set it to three, which is a little bit fatter, but you could actually have... you know, you could set it to six or eight or even 12, which would be a width of a character. Now, that's something you can find on the screen. So, the student can change that. Turning off unnecessary animations is a nice thing. It saves a little power on your computer and it's also less visually distracting. You know, how things, when they move, in your peripheral vision, they can tend to make your eyes flicker over to see what it was. You can turn all of those things off that are moving, and sliding out, and dropping down, and doing this sort of stuff. It's like, when I open a menu, I want the whole menu, and that's it. Don't mess with it. So-- And the focus rectangle, let's see if I have-- if I can get-- there's the-- let me change that. Let me change and make it normal. Yeah, okay. Apply. And we go back up here. So, there' the-- right up here at the very top, here, there's the-- focus rectangle. Really thin dotted line around "Turn on high contrast." I'm going to move it so you can see it jump down there. So, if I make the focus rectangle thicker, and then I hit apply, and let me go back up here. And it's going to think for a minute. And tab. So, now instead of being just one little dotted line, it's really like two or three... dots thick. So that it makes it a little easier to see. Might not be everything that your student needs but it's better than it was. Okay, so that's the-- adapting those, the cursor and the... Focus ring. [ Computer screen end:] Okay. You can also change the cursor and the... Mouse pointer. And you do that in the personalization section on your computer. [ Computer screen start:] Again, you can go to the desktop and do that. Right click on the desktop, and a little menu will show up, that's where we change the screen resolution, and then you click on personalize. Okay. And under personalize, there's a menu item, on the left side, that says "Change mouse pointers." And we go over here to "Pointers," and I have mine on the Windows, inverted, extra-large, system theme, or-- yeah, system scheme. And you can see that everything is a little bit bigger. The-- the hour glass, the regular text select bar cursor‑‑ Here is the-- this is the Windows inverted, because I have a black arrow, and it's... extra-large. Oh, inverted means it changes to whatever- whatever color it's on. I find that really annoying and it's flickering at me. So... I'm going to change it back to the standard Windows-- Windows-- no, where did it go? There. Okay. This is the standard Windows theme! That's a teeny tiny little mouse... up there. And the cursors are really small. I mean, look at that I-beam. You can hardly see that I-beam, it's so skinny. Of course we changed the width of it so would-- in a different setting. But this is really small. You should at least tell the student that these things are available, Windows black extra large, is not a bad thing. I'm going to use that for the rest of the session. There. And then you can save your themes. But we're going to talk about another little bit here. If you want, you can look on the web and there are other... themes that you can buy for large cursors and that sort of stuff. But we're not going to get into those at the moment. [ Computer screen end:] Ah, since we're here in the theme, okay. Let me move this. [ Computer screen start:] So, one of the things we can do, in addition to changing the screen resolution, and our mouse pointers, and those sorts of things; things might still not be just the right size. So, if we stay on the screen where it was personalized, we can go to the "Windows Color," this icon down on the bottom. And this wonderful window comes up. I says, "Window Color and Appearance" and there is a drop down menu here... that lets us change all of these different features, like the Active Title Bar. We can change the font size of that. And the font- basic font. Border padding, if we want a little more broader around our windows and things. Makes it easier to click on, and drag to make them larger. Desktop-- we can change the icon labels and what size they are. You can change how hyperlinks look. A really important one is down here, called the "Tool Tip." So, if I point at one of these icons down at the bottom of my screen-- see where it says mouse pointers? That's pretty small. We can make that larger and that will affect... Windows browsers for tool tips that pop-up and anything that has a tool tip, menu settings, all kinds of stuff, you can change the size of that. So, let's just go ahead and change that tool tip. We're going to click on tool tip, and I'm going to say that I want it to be 20-point. Let's go change this... Active Title Bar. We can change our font size to be... 16, and notice how it immediately changed in this display window here. So, now all of our title bars will be that large. If I go in to change-- where's the "Menu?" Okay, I'm going to change Menus to be 16, and now my menus are 16 point. Okay. There is a point where you can get things too big, and then things fall apart. But changing that, that's a simple thing that might make the computer much easier for the... student, without having to resort to screen magnification. Bachofer: Remind me again where you found that drop down list of, like, tool tips, and how did you get to that? Allan: Oh. That's right here under Item and Menu, it says, you know, what it is that you want to change. Bachofer: Right. Okay, one step back from that. Allan: One step back from that. Okay. Let me cancel that. Okay, we went here. This was... personalization. So, we went to the desktop. We right‑clicked on the desktop, got the menu, went to Personalization. And now we went to Window Color. Bachofer: Window Color. Allan: And double-click on that, and then it gives you this display of what the desktop looks like. So, this is where you can change your desktop color. You know, if you want a white desktop color... go for it. If you want it all black, you can do that. A lot of people have pictures and stuff on it, I find those distracting. You know, and for a student with low‑vision trying to read across changing, contrasting colors and-- of some tiger, or mountain, or whatever, you know-- yeah, it's cool-- can you see it and function? Well, that's a different issue. But then students aren't always worried about functioning. They just want it to look cool. Bachofer: They want a screen saver like everybody else. Allan: Well, they can still have a screen saver-- Bachofer: I mean the desktop. Allan: They want a desktop that's awesome! But-- So, you know, switch 'em, when nobody else is looking. [ Laughter ] Use what works. Okay. [ Computer screen end:] Bachofer: And I think all of those options, that you pointed out, that list that we have done, the focus ring, the cursor, the mouse pointer, even the tail on the mouse, the color; it's giving dedicated time for students to compare. Allan: Right. Bachofer: Where you set aside-- we're going to compare these two options. Because getting that whole package to come together of-- I'm setting the mouse at this size and the scroll bar at this size-- It takes a couple of times for the students to figure out that combination. Allan: Yes, it does. Bachofer: And you have to dedicate the time to that. Allan: Absolutely. And that was a good point you brought up, the scroll bar. So, one of the things you can change-- it was here. [ Computer screen start:] There it is, "Scroll bar." So, you can change the width of the scroll bars to make them easier to click into. Isn't that wonderful? I mean, that's-- that's pretty darned handy. Bachofer: Such easy solutions. Allan: And... you don't need a screen magnifier for it. Have I said that enough? Control Room: Hey, Jim you have a couple of comments in the chat to address. [ Computer screen end:] Allan: Yeah? Okay, it says... "Many of my students use Google docs, does this change things on Word or does it work on Google docs, as well?" Okay. So, Google docs is a bit different, because that's inside the browsers. And you can change browser settings, and... that will affect Google docs some. Google docs is a bit more complicated, because it's an application that's running inside of a browser, that's running on a separate operating system, [laughing] so there's layers, layers, layers. So, changing some of the things in... in your browser... will affect Google Docs, but then there may be settings within Google Docs, I'll have to explore that-- and... maybe that's another webinar. That might be useful. And... somebody else says that's-- it's like that on‑‑ and it would likely be like that on Office 360, also. Although, when you're on Windows with Office 360, a lot more of your settings that you do in the operating system are likely to trickle through to Office 360. Because when I look at it, it looks almost like... you know, when I use Word in Office 360 in a browser, it... it looks almost like I'm using it on my desktop, even though it's working inside a browser. Okay. Were there any other questions? Did I... miss anything else? And these settings, some of these settings are available on the Mac, too. We didn't have enough time today to do both, because we still have a bunch to cover here in the... in the Windows. Okay. There was one other thing-- so, one of the settings under the mouse settings, that's why I get to, that you can find if you go in there and look. So, here's my mouse sitting on the screen. And if I'm trying to figure out where it is, you know, you might move it or shake it around, and sometimes you move too fast for your eyes to see it. But there is a "ping" function in-- that you can set up in the mouse pointer section. So that when I hit the control key, it pings it just like a... sonar ping. [ Computer screen start:] And all-- because it's moving, your eyes will... jump to it. And now you know where your mouse is. Another little thing that's just built into the computer, and especially if you are on a dual monitor system, or if you're really, you know, a geek, you have three monitors, and trying to remember which monitor your mouse is on, and just being able to hit a ping and look for something moving, is really handy to know where it is instead of zigzagging all around and trying to find the thing. [ Computer screen end:] All right. So that takes us through our operating system solutions. So we can change the screen resolution and get up almost to 4x magnification. We can change the focus ring and cursor width. We can change the cursor and mouse pointer and finding tools, like the ping. We can change the Windows theme, change the foreground, background color, text size, scroll bars, menus, all manner of wonderfulness. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: Screen Resolutions Content: • 1920 x 1080 (HDMI) – ~2 million pixels – 1x mag • 1280x720–~920kpixels–2xmag • 800 x 600 – 480k pixels – 4 x magnification * • Try to keep aspect ratio • All with no horizontal scrolling Description End: Okay. The next slide is screen resolutions. So our standard screen resolution these days is 1920 by 1080, and it pretty much doesn't matter which size monitor you're on. This is-- that screen resolution is independent of the size of the monitor. If I have a 70‑inch television, it's still going to be 1920 by 1080 pixels. They are just... big fat pixels, but they're still the same number than if I have a 17‑inch laptop monitor with 1920 by 1080. And roughly that's about two million pixels. Okay. So if I... knock it down to 1280 by 720, that gives us 920,000 pixels. Whew! Math. [ Laughter ] Yeah. Which is approximately 2x magnification. Okay, if I knock it down to 800 by 600, that gets us 480,000 pixels, which is 4x magnification. That's roughly 500,000 pixels, which is 1/4th of our 1920 by 1080, and your applications, 99% of 'em, will still work. Okay, there's an asterisk there, because that 1080 by-- or-- 800 by 600, will change the aspect ratio so your screen will be more square instead of... more rectangular. Okay. All of this is done... on the computer, without any screen magnification, and there's no horizontal scrolling, even on the desktop. [ Laughter ] [ Slide end: ] It's just all there on the screen. It's just you made this screen a little smaller. It's brilliant! You know, for a lot, a lot of kids with low‑vision, you know this may help a kid who needs six or eight or 12x magnification, but I would argue some of those kids need to move to speech anyway, but that's a different issue. But for those kids who need low-level magnification-- man, they will be so much more efficient, if we can make these sorts of adjustments or they learn how to do it and take control over their environment and then‑‑ Bachofer: And I especially like personalizing it that way, because I don't always want everything on the screen magnified. I'm selecting. This is the target that is especially hard for me to see, and I'm choosing that-- Allan: Right. Bachofer: That's where I'm fine tuning my screen. Allan: Right. It's like, even-- so, I might be able to see my screen at 1920 by 1080, but if my... menus, or the title of my application were at 16 or 18 point, instead of the dinky 10 point... Bachofer: I don't have to lean in to figure that out! Allan: Yeah, I don't have to lean in and I can still function in my work area. All right. Okay. So, whew! Done with the computer part, and the-- what is this thing-- operating system, right. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: Applications - Browser Content: • Change default font & size, minimum size • Change color of fonts, background, links • Reader View (Firefox, Safari. Chrome-extension) • Turn styles off • Look for mobile version of site (m.gmail.com) • Extensions Stylish o change letter-spacing, line-height, word-spacing. Description End: So now we're going to talk about applications and specifically the browser. So in the browser, we can change the default font size, and whatever the minimum size is. You know, you can-- there's a lot of websites that will have a basic font size, and then there'll be, like the caption under the picture that's at 8 point. And it's like, really?!! So, you can say the minimum size that I will allow on the screen is, you know, 12. And anything that's a smaller size the browser will automatically make it 12. This may... change some of the layout of some... web pages, but most of the time it doesn't affect it. You can change the color of the fonts. You can change the background colors. You can change what color the links are, because some people have a lot of issue with blue inks, and they have a hard time seeing blue. It's a hard color to see. So, you can change that color to something that makes more sense to you. There are also functions in Firefox, Safari, and with Chrome with an extension, you can get the reader view; which strips out everything, all the... detritus around the screen, the navigation, the sidebars, and the left bar, and the right bar, you know, all of the other garbage they put on the screen, and get you to the main content... in a single view, without all of the extra stuff. Nice and handy. You can also turn styles off. We will look at that, also. One of the things you can do, and I'll show this very quickly, is look for a mobile version of the site. So, a lot of times you get-- if you've looked at your cell phone, you get a different version of what's on your phone, than what's on your desktop. Well, there's a lot of sites that... generally start with an "M," it's "M" dot gmail, or "M" dot whatever that will get you the mobile view on the desktop. That's a really powerful thing, because it gets you a single column view, it gets you the-- what we call the hamburger menu, that you see on mobile websites, that will pop down a menu, and the menu is in a single column, and everything on the page is in a single column. And you know what that means? No horizontal scrolling! Isn't that just wonderful?! [ Laughter ] Okay, and then there's extensions, where-- and if you Google "stylish," or call me, or maybe this is another webinar, that you can change the letter spacing, the line height, and word spacing on a web page; on any web page, on all web pages, so the students can have the... type of reading environment that they need. [ Slide end: ] So I'll go through these... fairly quickly. Let me switch here. Pull up a browser. Okay, here's Firefox. [ Computer screen start: ] And... we can go to "Options." [Humming] Tada... And we go to "Content." So in Content, number one, block those popup windows. Okay. [ Laughter ] The next thing is "Fonts and Colors." So the default font is Times New Roman. Some kids... some people may have real difficulty with... Times New Roman, I would suggest Arial, or Verdana, or something like that, because... Times New Roman has all of those serifs that get all over it and make it difficult to read. Arial... some of the letters look the same. There's always the issue of what's the difference between a one, a lower-caseL"L" and a capital "i." And the difference in Arial is slight. And... even in your captions, if you watched it go by, the "L" and the capital "i" look the same. In Verdana they are very distinct. Then, you can change the font size, up to a point. You know, my default is... 16, but you can change it to be more. Some websites may get fussy with you and you get a little bit of overlap, but you can adjust that to... find a happy medium. So, then you go over to "Advanced." And this is the important part. So, if you want your font all the time-- I don't care what the web guy who wrote the page said-- I want my fonts all the time, you uncheck this, or you uncheck this box. Right now default is checked, that says, "Allow pages to choose their own fonts instead of my selections above." And, it's like, "Nope. I want my fonts all the time. Done with it." Okay. There's also in... Firefox-- and each browser is slightly different as to the features they have. In Firefox, we have a minimum font size. And you can say, nope, my minimum font size is going to be 12, or whatever. So, that's a... useful function. Bachofer: And that was in the Options... menu on the toolbar? Allan: Yes. Let's go back through that again. Close that. So we went to the hamburger menu of Firefox, and each place has a different-- I believe in Chrome-- come on Chrome, wake up. Earth to Chrome. There. Earth to Chrome. It has the three little dots. They have the-- I guess the French fry menu. [ Laughter ] Ha! I don't know. But you have the-- and you get your settings in there, and you go down to settings and you can set all of the stuff there. [ Computer screen end: ] Okay. Um... there are so many things that you can change, it's-- I call it having... toaster knowledge, you know. "My toast-- my toast isn't dark enough!" Well, did you change the knob? You know, "I don't like the color of my-- of my browser?" [ Computer screen start: ] Then did you go to your settings and change it? You know, "I can't see blue links?" Did you know that you can change your link colors? Okay, these are basic functions that are built in, just like all of the things that we talked about in the operating system, that should be, you know, common knowledge for students with low‑vision who have to manipulate their environment in order so they can see better. [ Computer screen end: ] Bachofer: And they are doing so much browsing on the web, that you need to think about it like a Word document. Allan: Right. Bachofer: It is a common thing that you are going to, so set up your computers so it meets your needs. Allan: And teach them how to do it. And... I would say probably third, fourth grade start showing them basic things. And then test them on it. You know? [ Computer screen start: ] We used to do that. "Show me how you change your mouse cursor." "Uh... I... I..." Bachofer: Review it until it becomes automatic. Allan: Right. "Tell me what's your vision problem is." "I don't see well." No, what's your condition? What caused it? Why is it? What's it called? What do you need in order to see? You know, if they can't rattle those things off-- Oh, sorry that's a different issue. That's social skills. [ Laughter ] But it's managing your environment and knowing about yourself. Okay. Where am I? I got distracted, again. [ Slide end: ] Okay, we changed colors, fonts, background links. Okay, let's look at reader view. [ Computer screen end: ] Oops. There. [ Computer screen start: ] So, here I have-- what is this? Oh, this is a Wikipedia page on line wrapping and word wrapping. So, up in the icon area-- in the address bar of... Firefox, is this little book here that looks like a book. And it says "Enter the reader view." So, when I click on "Enter the reader view," look what happened? Everything got stripped out! All of that side garbage is gone. What I have is the single... column of what's... the main content of the page. So I can use my basic control-- I'm holding down the control key and pushing my mouse wheel up to change the font size. Okay, then I can just scroll along. I also have, if I want, font controls. So I can choose a-- a serif or a sans serif font. I can... make them smaller or larger. I can increase the line spacing. Is that slick or what? Bachofer: That's slick. Allan: That's slick. I mean, there's some kids, you know, there's some kids who may need the really narrow‑y stuff, but other kids may need a little bit more. It helps in your tracking. Okay. And I forgot what that one did. We can also make it read for you. It can narrate for you. This is all-- this is just part of Firefox. It's not anything new! Oh, I don't want that. Close you. And we can revert back to... the regular view of the page. Okay, this is available on Safari. It doesn't have quite the same features. It has slightly different ones, but you can change the font, and the font size and, again, it gives you that single column. [ Computer screen end: ] Okay. Even if you don't have a browser with a reader view, you can still, depending on the website, you can zoom this up pretty big, and it will still give you a single column. [ Computer screen start: ] And it automatically wraps for you. A well designed page will wrap. Yes? [ Computer screen end: ] Bachofer: That's just by zooming up... the control and the mouse wheel? Allan: You can do Control and the mouse wheel, or Control-plus and minus; and some kids may need it smaller. [ Computer screen start: ] I don't know if you can see it, but in the address bar, there's a little pill that shows up, and tells you what magnification that you have. That's 200. So that's 2x mag and because it's a well defined website, even the menu size is changed and all of the text just auto-magically wraps. I love wrapping. [ Laughter ] [ Computer screen end: ] Okay. Oops wrong way. And depending on the browser, you can go up to, you know, I think Chrome will go to 500 or-- most browsers will go to 400%. I believe... IE 11 will go to 500. I saw that the other day and wanted to remember it for this. And Edge, on Windows 10, goes even a little further. And this is another one of those for educational websites. If you scroll up to like... 400%-- well, Firefox does 300, and the website breaks or if the website breaks at 200%, you need to go yell at them. Write them an email. Have the student write them an email, because they need to start learning to advocate for themselves anyway; and say, you know, the Content Accessibility Guidelines say you ought to be able to do this for 200%-- and we are pushing for 400% so that everything wraps. Make it easier for people to read. So we did-- one of the other things that we can do is turn styles off. [ Computer screen start: ] So, in Firefox you can do that under... View, and you go to Page Style, and you say "No Style." And what that does is, essentially, turns all of the style sheet off, all of the fanciness, and makes your web page a single column, that you can zoom up to whatever size you want, and it should all wrap automatically. Even the most evil site. Where this falls apart... is... in-- if you have an application. Like a web application, like-- if you did this, ha, [laughing] in Google docs, you would create a disaster area! Nothing would look like it was supposed to, and probably nothing would work. Because all of your buttons depend on styles for you to know what they look like. [ Computer screen end: ] But for basic text reading stuff, news sites, and that sort of thing-- sometimes this is the only way to get to it. And it's another one of those things that should be in the low‑vision students' toolbox for... how they're going to... read what they need to read. So that was turning styles sheets off. And my next topic is, "Look for the mobile version of the site." Okay. Let's see if we can get Chrome to wake up. [ Computer screen start: ] Whoop! Well, fine. Bachofer: Wikipedia did. Allan: Yeah, there. So I'm going to go-- yeah. Go away CNN. You're giving me a headache. Here we go. So we're going to do mail-- I had this all up-- dot com. What-- ohhhh! [ Computer screen end: ] I'm going to switch to Firefox. Done with it! There. [ Computer screen start: ] Okay. This is my... my website-- website. This is my email, and we can zoom in up to a point, and then "uh‑oh," that evil horizontal scrolling pops in-- and because Firefox sometimes gets fussy about these things-- I don't have a horizontal scroll bar!. I can't even go over there, to the right‑hand side, and see what's going on. Okay? But turns out that gmail has a mobile website. M dot gmail dot com. There it is. Okay. I can zoom up, I can make this dude big. And-- Bachofer: And it's wrapping. Allan: And this is my in box. And I can compose an email. I can do searches. There's a few things that don't work in this, but for the most part this is pretty handy. I got Delete. I got a menu down here with more actions, so I can report spam, I can add a star, I can mark it at read or unread. And we can't do anything. All's we did was say, m.gmail.com; and there's many sites that have a mobile view, and it's another one of those tricks in your tool bag. [ Computer screen end: ] "Let's go see if this has a mobile view." Just put an M in front of it, and see what happens. If it says, "Site not found," nothing... lost. You know, you lost 10 seconds waiting for it. But if it does, then you may have a single column, non‑horizontal scrolling website that's easy to use. How many times can I say that in a presentation? Bachofer: What's evil? Allan: What's evil? Yeah, we know. So that's another easy thing to do. All right. Give it a shot on whatever website you choose to use. Now, one more time, let's try what our next thing is. There. Microsoft Word. Okay. Let's see if we can open up Word here. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: Microsoft Word Content: • Use Web Layout, zoom font (control + mouse wheel) • Change Font Size and Margins to edit & print • Productivity Ribbon • Change letter & line spacing • Hy-phen-a-tion – perhaps Description End: So, in Word we can talk about using... web layout, which helps you be able to zoom better, and wrapping... automatically. A lot of times Word when you zoom too much, it just pushes things off the right side, and then we come up with the evil thing again. You can change the font size and the margins to edit, and then set them back to normal to print. There's the productivity ribbon that... we'll talk about, that will provide all of the tools that you need to make an accessible document... really... easily. If you use the tools on the productivity ribbon, that installs in Word, everything that you use there will be accessible to a screen reader, and help you if you have low vision. There's another link there about changing letter and line spacing, which you can also do in Word. And then, perhaps, some students might like hyphenation. And you can turn that on in Word, too. [ Slide end: ] I don't know that we'll have time to... Google that. We're at an hour already? Time flies when you are having fun. Bachofer: [Chuckling] Allan: Woo! Okay. Word. Yeah. [ Computer screen start: ] So here's the productivity ribbon. It has a-- let's-- yeah. Okay. Oops. So, it has all of the file tools that you need, including-- I don't know how many of you know that Word has an accessibility checker built into it. It'll tell you when you don't have enough headings, or if your table is messed up, or you forgot to put.. alt-text on your images, all those sorts of things. There's the... zoom function here. So, we can zoom to 100%. We can zoom to 100%. My poor computer here! Okay, we can zoom to page width, there, that will pop out the page... as wide as it will go. You can... also zoom... and you can-- let's see if we can go to... 200% and see what that does. Well, see, 200% takes you and makes it... go off the side of the page. So, if we go to view and let's try web layout. Web layout auto‑magically wrapped it! Isn't that cool? [Whispering] I really need to get a new computer. [ Laughter ] This is just-- oh, you guys probably heard-- there, it took a long time. So, it automatically wrapped it in- in the Word view-- I mean the Web view, because as a web page, web pages are supposed to automatically wrap. So we can edit in web view, it's darned cool. All's it does, is changes how the screen functions. So I'm at 380% magnification, so almost 4x and all of the text wrapped. Whereas, if I was in the standard view, or the print layout view, or the draft view even, I have that evil thing popping its head up. So, the Web view-- and this is nothing fancy. This is built into the software without you having to do anything. Very handy. [ Computer screen end: ] Bachofer: View on your toolbar. Allan: View and Web Layout. You, know, I might make that my default. [ Computer screen start: ] And then-- when you go ahead and print it, it prints it back-- it switches back to the print layout, and will do that automatically. So-- and it will print as the normal view, whatever you have your stuff set up as. The thing with-- you know, it doesn't matter what you zoom in Word, it's still going to print out whatever the default is. It's not going to go miraculously, just because you zoomed it. [ Computer screen end: ] Browsers don't do that. That's one of the things that I wish would happen when I-- you know, if I change my environment and this is how I see it, when I print it, I wish that would come out on a piece of paper. We're working on that. [ Computer screen start: ] But, too, you can change your base font size in Word. Let's go to-- we can go to Home. And, you you can, you know, highlight your things. Yeah. I saw you there. Come on, you. That little menu popped up, now it won't. And you can change your base font, and that sort of a thing, in there. You can create templates for your students to use so that-- like at the school, we have a large print template that has all of the styles defined, and so you just pull up your large print template and start typing and everything is automatically... 18 point, and the heading scale larger from that, and the margins are set and, you know, all of those sorts of things. And that wouldn't be a bad thing for a student to do. And then using your tools, because one of the things that's here, although this one doesn't have it, I should have had a different document. My bad. When you use things like headings in your document-- let me make this a heading one, just a second. Let me go back here. Home. Heading 1. Okay. This is my navigation page over here on the left‑hand side. Let me change this, sorry. Make that a Heading 2. Okay. Productivity. Open the navigation pane. Of course, it's working as well as everything else on this computer is today! [ Laughter ] There should be another... another set of words down here that would be the heading Level 2, and it would be indented. So, let's say I'm down here, in my page, where it says "image share," so I'm going to highlight this word down here. Okay? With the navigation view up-- instead of scrolling and scrolling and scrolling-- if I had a really long document. And I've got-- let's say that I had a list of headings over here on the left‑hand side. All's that I have to do is click on a heading, and it pops your cursor right up there, to that particular place. So teaching your students how to use styles, although this is slightly different than what we were talking about, it's really functional. So... the other place where you find useful settings is in-- you go under File-- excuse me-- yeah, you go under File. And you go down here to Options. And in Options you have... you have display things-- settings. So you can show tab characters, you know so the student knows where there's a tab or it's just a bunch of spaces. You can show your spaces, and your paragraph marks, and all those sorts of things. You have... proofreading tools, so when you are spell checking, you can set those up for you. Bachofer: And these sound like tools, when a student is getting into those much longer documents, so you can move-- instead of down, down, down, down, down, I can jump to Heading 3. I don't need to go line by line, or set... the features for that longer document. [ Computer screen start: ] Allan: Absolutely. Okay. You can change your display. [ Computer screen start: ] Number of recent documents. Whether you show shortcut keys in the screen tips, you know when you hover over a menu, and you go what's the-- what's the hot key for that, it will show them up. So they will get to remember-- Bachofer: Automatic [Indiscernible] Allan: There's a hot key for that. Show vertical scroll bars or horizontal scroll bars, all things to make you not have to hit the up and down arrow so many times. Where are the rest of them, down here? Layout options, add spaces for underlines. Bachofer: And this is all under File, Options? Allan: Under Advanced, yeah. Under File, Options, Advanced. Hyphenation is in here, and a bunch of... other things. I mean, there's so much that you can do to set up your... Word to make it easier for the student to use, and especially the-- using a generic template for when they are creating a document. One of the things that... you can do-- let me turn this off. Is-- I can make my-- it's a-- I make my margins really small. That's the-- knock 'em down-- let me fix this, here. This is just a really simple document. I'm going to change my margin, bring it in there. Okay, now when I zoom, I can get really big, because Word will zoom really, really big. Okay? Let me get my side menu again. Okay, here's my margin. I'm going to bring it down to like... two and a half inches. And now I'm going to zoom up. Okay. That's 400%... magnification. That's pretty big. I can edit in this view. I haven't changed the font size. It's still my basic font size in- in Word. And all that I have to do is, right before I print, select all, and move my margin out to-- to whatever size I want it to be on my 8 1/2 by 11 paper. And print. And it's all back down to where it was before. All, again, without horizontal scrolling. By adjusting your environment. Bachofer: Changing one feature, margin. Allan: Tweaking it, just a little bit, and- and changing, you know, changing your zoom level, or you could do this in the... web view, also. Control Room: You have another question in the chat. [ Computer screen end: ] Allan: Yeah. I believe we can. I'll have to go look. Bachofer: That question is? Allan: Oh, yeah the question is, "Can we create similar templates in Google docs?" I would think that you can. I haven't played with that. So that would be a-- something else that I need to do. I think we need to do a webinar on‑‑ Bachofer: Google docs. Allan: low vision Google docs. What do people think since we're there in the chat, would low‑vision Google docs be a useful thing? There's a yes and a yess. Okay. That's good enough for me. [ Laughter ]. And my next thing-- Bachofer: PDFs. Allan: Oh, let me do the Letter Spacing, Line Spacing. [ Computer screen start: ] You do that in... Styles. And let's go to Normal. Select all. There's all my things that are normal. And I'm going to modify my Normal Style and I want it to all be 16 point. And I want it to be Arial. And we're going to go down here to... format. And I'm going to say paragraph. And right now I have line spacing set at 1.08. I'm going to change that to 1.5. And... that'll do. Bachofer: And which menu did you find that under... styles? Allan: I did that in my Productivity Toolbar under Styles. You could do it from the Home menu, also, but I always have my Styles bar just set on the side in my document, because all the styles I'm using will be right there, and I can modify them at will. So, I just changed everything, and anything new that I type will always be at line and a half. And that's adjustable by the student and, again, you can save that as a template. And my base font will always be Arial, and it will always be, whatever it was that I set it as. Okay. [ Computer screen end: ] Word spacing is-- letter spacing is a little more complicated but there's a link for it in the... presentation. And we won't go into that, because I'm just blathering endlessly. Okay, next one. I think that's the last thing, is PDFs. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: PDF Solutions Content: • VIP Reader • Acrobat Reader – Reflow – Control + 4 (view > reflow) ... Makes you a Wrapper!! – Zoom – Control + Mouse Wheel (view > zoom) – Change document colors (edit > preferences > accessibility) – Control page display/scrolling/page gaps (view > page display) Description End: So, there is a PDF reader, that I have... open. and there's a link to it. It's free... and unfortunately it only opens accessible... PDF documents. [ Slide end: ] So, if you open up one that doesn't, it will come up with a big ugly red bar that says, "I'm sorry, can't do that." Like "Well, fine." Bachofer: [Laughing] Allan: Then write the people-- and textbook PDFs... are especially notorious for not being accessible. But we can... Bachofer: Are we demonstrating that? Allan: Yes. We can change the magnification level. [ Computer screen start: ] Bachofer: This is a PDF? Allan: This is a PDF document and it auto‑magically wraps it all for you. Okay. Let me zoom that back down. My profile-- "Oh, I can't read black on white, let me change it to green on black." How about yellow on black? Or yellow on blue? You know, whatever works for ya. You can save those. You can save them under your profile. We can also view. So you can change foreground, background color. You can change your font. You've got half a dozen fonts. You have Verdana. There's even a dyslexic font, although the research on that is- is... not really efficacious, it doesn't really work that much when you test them on it. So, you've fonts to choose from. Line spacing. Let's find some text. Where is some good text-- well, fine. We can change the line spacing. We can change the word spacing, watch the "Summary of Budget" there. Notice how the words are spreading out. We can also change the character spacing. So that-- just look at the word "Summary" and the spacing between the letters is getting bigger. So depending on the kid, some of that might be really useful. And, this is remarkable. You can change the toolbar color. You can change the foreground, background color of the toolbar and the font size. If the student can't read it, you can make it bigger so they can read it. Pretty handy. This is a free tool. There's a link in the materials. [ Computer screen end: ] So I'll close that... eventually if I can get my mouse there. I should look at this monitor instead of that monitor. Okay, and then there's Acrobat Reader. [ Computer screen start: ] There. Okay, with Acrobat Reader... we can zoom up, and I think that I have "flow" turned on. So it starts wrapping. That's a handy feature. One of the things that you can do in Word is-- Word, what am I talking about? [ Laughter ]. Bachofer: PDF. Allan: PDF. Doing a Control-4, down here on the menu, will automatically wrap for you, in most documents. Mind you, this is documents that are not pictures of documents. There's a lot... PDF documents that are just a, you know, a scan of the page, and there's not really any words there. So the reflow will help you, and you can zoom up pretty darned large. I'm at 800%. And I get a single column. I don't have any of that evil stuff going on. Now, unfortunately, this won't print this way. This has been one of those things that people go, "You know, this is handy for reading, but I find reading on the screen really difficult. I want to be able to print it this way." No such luck. Then you have to copy and paste into Word, and canoodle it around that way. Alright. The other thing that you can do in that-- okay, we did zoom, control and the mouse wheel, or do it with view plus zoom. You can zoom in and out. Okay? That's pretty handy. You can zoom to a particular level if you want. The other thing that you can do is change document colors. And you go to the Edit menu under Preferences and Accessibility. So, you have to go to the itty-bitty Edit menu, up there on the top of the screen. And if we had changed our... Windows systems settings, we could have made that menu bigger, and it would work. Where did I say, Edit and-- of course I was talking so much I have forgot. Preferences. There. And page display. I'm going to cheat. Accessibility. Okay. Wrong. Edit. Accessibility. Change reading options. [ Laughter ] I just love when this happens. You practice your presentation. And you think about it. Then when you do it, it doesn't work the way that you think it should be doing it. Okay. Preferences. [ Computer screen end: ] Okay. You can do this, I can't find it at the moment. And I will write up a document and show you how you can do it. And the-- oh, yeah, you can also change the... how the page displays, whether you have gaps in the pages or not. [ Computer screen start: ] And I think that I have my gaps turned off. So, if we do View, Page Display where I have Enable Scrolling, that just gives me a continuous view. Well, this one has Show Gaps Between Pages. Well, isn't that special? So you can turn off the Show Gaps Between Pages, and you can, you know change the way it scrolls, you can do two pages. There's many things that you can do in PDF, and they keep trying to make it better, and when they get it to where you can print it, other than with a-- when you can print it with a-- the view that you finally ended up with, that will be a powerful thing. [ Computer screen end: ] Okay. Let's see if we have anything else. We did those. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: Resources Content: • Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision • Overhead of Horizontal Scrolling - Nose to the Page • CSUN: Browser zoom sucks for low vision users • Stylish Extension Chrome, Firefox, Safari (Google search) Description End: Okay, one of the resources that we have there is the accessibility requirements for people with low vision. So that's part of the W3C. There is a low‑vision task force, and this is where some of the requirements we came up with for people with low‑vision, and we tried to create some-- what do you call them? Guidelines for web content... that will be a global standard, and we're working on getting more of them in. The Overhead of Horizontal Scrolling was done by a... math professor who was very low vision, and he did the research and the calculations on how much work it was to do horizontal scrolling. [ Slide end: ] So, he has since retired, and that's his website is "Nose to the Page." Bachofer: [Laughing] Allan: He did this research just... about three months ago. And he says, "You know, when I was in graduate school, if I had looked at how hard it was going to be to read all of this stuff looking at these numbers for horizontal scrolling, I never would have done graduate school. I would have done something else." [ Laughter ]. So, this is why in conversations with Cindy why we came up with this presentation. I know it's been sort of a- a shotgun approach, you know really high level. But some of the things are... are really easy to do. [ Slide start: ] Repeat previous slide And there was a presentation at CSUN, and this is the actual title, on "Why browser zoom sucks for low vision users," and it's because, you know, web pages don't wrap like they should. And, hopefully, that's getting better. You know, most sites, now, say designed for mobile first. What would be really useful is, I always want the mobile view on the desktop. I want a little button for that, so I can just go "bang" and do it. [Slide end:] Bachofer: We know this is going to keep changing. Everything that we have fit into 90 minutes, has just been in the last few years... of this coming out. I think it feels like a whole lot of information. But I think it's figuring out what is my student's priority? She's got to get better at Word documents. So, let's focus on Word documents. Because hitting all three of them is- is too much. It's I get lost in what all of my options are. Allan: Pick one. Bachofer: And I think it's that-- even 10 and 12‑year‑olds have their computer habits set. Allan: Right. Bachofer: And changing those habits-- Allan: You have got to catch them early. Bachofer: But it's a... kind of keeping that... message-- we're not going to let that go. Because efficiency matters, in the workplace, and for you as a student using a computer. And I think it's starting somewhere. Finding out where is going to be the hook for that student of oh, I want that on my computer. And then we just keep introducing. So kind of setting up a... a... the priority items. Allan: Right. And this is, you know it's not just for the desktop. I mean, all of these things are true on your cell phone and your tablet, too. A lot of these settings are available there, and do students know that? I mean, you know, if you have an iPad, it's... pinch zoom generally works. Sometimes it doesn't. In... Safari on the-- on the-- I believe it's Safari on the iPad, you have to go turn it on to allow it, or you can override-- because authors can turn it off in-- they can say no zooming allowed. And you can override it in the browser settings, and say I always want to be able to zoom. So, a lot of your tools have a lot of settings. I mean, when you get in a car-- you know, as teachers, you get in the car, you adjust your mirror, you adjust your seat. You do all-- you fiddle about with all sorts of stuff-- and people are petrified of doing that with software. I mean, that's the first thing that I do, is jump in and- and look at the settings. What can I change? What does it do? Fiddle about. Same with the cell phone. Bachofer: And I think that students are getting more used to-- they moved from their phone to a tablet, and their learning to rely on the computer, because that is still the primary tool in the workplace. Allan: And when they-- you know, if they-- "You know, my cell phone doesn't work very well." What if we change your foreground/background color? Well, let's learn how to do that in our browser. Bachofer: Exactly. Allan: How does that work in- in your computer? How does that work on the tablet? What about Word? You know, those sorts of things. Well, look, you want your font bigger? Well, we can do that this way, but how does that work on your computer? Oh, well... Bachofer: Catch them where the interest is. Allan: Yeah. Yeah, it's that moment. But really, soon as you start on the computer, they really ought to start, you know-- low‑vision eval. As soon as they get on to it, "Can you see it? How much can you see? What font do you use? Let me show you how you do that?" You know, start in second grade or whatever. First grade, you know when they start using the computer, even kindergarten. Bachofer: And looking at that posture, cause they'll zoom in, but it's not as easy when you are 18. So getting those habits in place early. Allan: And it's always about maximizing the available view. I mean, when Jay and I were doing the filters, long ago, for changing the color and brightness and what you could see and what you couldn't, you know, we doubled some people's viewing distance. Bachofer: Absolutely. Allan: And some of these techniques that we have talked about on the-- in this session will do exactly that. You know, you want the student to be able to not horizontally scroll, that's one. But to get more comfortable in their viewing experience. Bachofer: And as simple as finding your mouse and knowing where your cursor is. Starting there-- Allan: Ping! There's my mouse, it's right there. Bachofer: Very easy tools. [ Slide start: ] Description Start: Title: Thanks for Joining Us! Content: Become a Wrapper!!! Wrap Wrap Description End: Allan: Right. Oh, yeah. Thanks for joining us. Teach your students to be wrappers. They will be more efficient. 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